Year 1

• Solve one-step problems involving multiplication and division, by calculating the answer using concrete objects, pictorial representations and arrays with the support of the teacher.

Year 2

• Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 2, 5 and 10 multiplication tables, including recognising odd and even numbers.
• Calculate mathematical statements for multiplication and division within the multiplication tables and write them using the multiplication (×), division (÷) and equals (=) signs.
• Show that multiplication of two numbers can be done in any order (commutative) and division of one number by another cannot.
• Solve problems involving multiplication and division, using materials, arrays, repeated addition, mental methods, and multiplication and division facts, including problems in contexts.

Year 3

• Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 3, 4 and 8 multiplication tables.
• Write and calculate mathematical statements for multiplication and division using the multiplication tables that they know, including for two-digit numbers times one-digit numbers, using mental and progressing to formal written methods.
• Solve problems, including missing number problems, involving multiplication and division, including positive integer scaling problems and correspondence problems in which n objects are connected to m objects.

Year 4

• Recall multiplication and division facts for multiplication tables up to 12 × 12.
• Use place value, known and derived facts to multiply and divide mentally, including: multiplying by 0 and 1; dividing by 1; multiplying together three numbers.
• Recognise and use factor pairs and commutativity in mental calculations.
• Multiply two-digit and three-digit numbers by a one-digit number using formal written layout.
• Solve problems involving multiplying and adding, including using the distributive law to multiply two digit numbers by one digit, integer scaling problems and harder correspondence problems such as n objects are connected to m objects

Year 5

• Identify multiples and factors, including finding all factor pairs of a number, and common factors of two numbers.
• Know and use the vocabulary of prime numbers, prime factors and composite (nonprime) numbers.
• Establish whether a number up to 100 is prime and recall prime numbers up to 19.
• Multiply numbers up to 4 digits by a one- or two-digit number using a formal written method, including long multiplication for two-digit numbers.
• Multiply and divide numbers mentally drawing upon known facts.
• Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a one-digit number using the formal written method of short division and interpret remainders appropriately for the context.
• Multiply and divide whole numbers and those involving decimals by 10, 100 and 1000

Year 6

• Multiply multi-digit numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit whole number using the formal written method of long multiplication.
• Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit whole number using the formal written method of long division, and interpret remainders as whole number remainders, fractions, or by rounding, as appropriate for the context.
• Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit number using the formal written method of short division where appropriate, interpreting remainders according to the context.
• Perform mental calculations, including with mixed operations and large numbers.
• Use their knowledge of the order of operations to carry out calculations involving the four operations.
• Solve problems involving multiplication and division.
• Use estimation to check answers to calculations and determine, in the context of a problem, an appropriate degree of accuracy.